Complete Guide to Imadegawa Yusuisui (Hiroshima Prefecture)|Thorough Explanation of Confusion with the Hundred Select Waters and Water Quality and Access Information
In Fuchu Town, Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, there are springs that have been cherished by local residents for many years. Among them, “Imadegawa Yusuisui” and “Imadegawa Shimizu (Deai Shimizu)” have a long history of being confused due to similarity in their names. This article provides detailed information about Imadegawa Yusuisui, its relationship with the Hundred Select Waters, and a thorough explanation of spring water culture in Hiroshima Prefecture.
What is Imadegawa Yusuisui|Basic Information and Positioning in the Community
Imadegawa Yusuisui is one of the springs found in Fuchu Town, Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture. This spring is located approximately 120 meters away from “Imadegawa Shimizu (Deai Shimizu),” which was selected as one of the Hundred Select Waters, and has long been utilized as a water source closely connected to the daily lives of local residents.
Although Fuchu Town is a small town adjacent to Hiroshima City, it is known as a region blessed with abundant groundwater. Groundwater flowing from the upper reaches of the Enoki River emerges at multiple points, and Imadegawa Yusuisui is one of them, supporting the region’s water culture.
Even today, its significance remains intact as a place where local residents regularly visit to draw water and as a valuable water source that conveys the history of the region.
Confusion with the Hundred Select Waters|The Relationship between Imadegawa Shimizu (Deai Shimizu)
A 27-Year Misidentification
In 1985 (Showa 60), the Environment Agency (as it was called at the time) selected 100 excellent water environments throughout Japan as the “Hundred Select Waters.” A spring in Fuchu Town was chosen from Hiroshima Prefecture, but a critical name confusion occurred here.
Due to an error in the notification to the Environment Agency, although the water actually selected as the Hundred Select Waters was “Imadegawa Shimizu,” it was registered as “Deai Shimizu (であいしみず).” This error continued for approximately 27 years until 2012, and the Imadegawa Shimizu, which was locally known as the “Higashikawa Spring,” was officially recognized under a different name.
Two Springs Separated by 120 Meters
The cause of the confusion was that Imadegawa Shimizu (the Hundred Select Waters designation site) and Imadegawa Yusuisui existed in close proximity, approximately 120 meters apart. Both are thought to emerge from the same groundwater system, and they have similarities in water quality and quantity.
This geographic proximity combined with name similarity led to the two springs being confused for many years. Currently, the name has been officially corrected, and it is confirmed that the spring designated as the Hundred Select Waters is “Imadegawa Shimizu.”
Imadegawa Shimizu as a Fuchu Town Designated Scenic Site
Imadegawa Shimizu is not only selected as one of the Hundred Select Waters but is also designated as a scenic site by Fuchu Town. The landscape near the water collection area is excellent, and it is known as a scenic spot visited by many tourists. On the other hand, Imadegawa Yusuisui has been utilized by local residents as a more familiar water collection site in their daily lives.
Water Quality Characteristics of Imadegawa Yusuisui|Groundwater Characteristics and Precautions for Use
Water Source and Basic Water Quality Information
The water source of Imadegawa Yusuisui is believed to flow from deep upstream of the Enoki River through the ground. The Fuchu Town area is characterized by granite formations, which play a role in replenishing abundant groundwater.
The water quality of the spring is generally soft water, characterized by a mellow taste. It has a good balance of minerals and is suitable not only for drinking water but also for cooking and tea ceremonies.
The Difference Between Hard and Soft Water|Characteristics of Hiroshima’s Spring Water
Water hardness is determined by the content of calcium ions and magnesium ions. According to WHO (World Health Organization) standards, water with hardness below 120 mg/L is classified as soft water, and 120 mg/L or higher as hard water.
Most springs in Hiroshima Prefecture are classified as soft water. This is due to geological characteristics, as relatively little mineral content is dissolved while passing through granite and sedimentary rocks. Soft water is suitable for Japanese cuisine and has the characteristic of bringing out the flavor of dashi.
On the other hand, hard water is rich in minerals and has health benefits, but soft water is said to be more familiar to Japanese palates.
pH|An Important Indicator of Water Quality
pH (read as “pee-eych” or “pee-aych”) is an indicator showing the degree of acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. pH 7 is neutral, values below 7 indicate acidity, and values above 7 indicate alkalinity.
The appropriate pH range for drinking water is generally 6.0 to 8.5. Most springs in Hiroshima Prefecture, including Imadegawa Yusuisui, are in the weakly acidic to neutral range, maintaining water quality suitable for drinking.
However, pH can change with season and rainfall, so regular water quality testing is important.
Precautions When Using Spring Water
There are several important precautions when using spring water for drinking purposes.
Confirming Water Quality Testing
The water quality of spring water changes with season and weather conditions. Especially after heavy rain, water quality may deteriorate due to the inflow of surface water. It is necessary to confirm whether regular water quality testing is performed and pay attention to information about large intestinal bacteria detection.
Boiling is Recommended
Surveys by the Ministry of the Environment have reported cases of large intestinal bacteria being detected from some spring water. To ensure safety, boiling before drinking is recommended. Especially when children or elderly people with low immunity drink the water, be sure to boil it before use.
Clean Management of Collection Containers
When carrying spring water home, it is important to use a clean container. Insufficient washing of the container may contaminate the high-quality water.
Following Local Rules
Spring water is a valuable resource that local residents have protected for many years. Cooperate with cleaning of the surrounding area and maintenance of the water site, and practice restrained use. Avoid large-scale water collection or commercial use.
Hiroshima’s Hundred Select Waters|Designations from the Showa and Heisei Periods
The Hundred Select Waters from the Showa Period (Selected in 1985)
In 1985 (Showa 60), the Ministry of the Environment (then the Environment Agency) selected 100 springs and rivers from various locations throughout Japan as the “Hundred Select Waters.” The purpose of this selection was the rediscovery of clear water, enlightenment and education of the public, and active protection of excellent water environments.
Two locations in Hiroshima Prefecture were selected as follows.
Ota River (Middle Reaches)
The middle reaches of the Ota River flowing through Asaka-Kita Ward, Asaka-Minami Ward, East Ward, and West Ward of Hiroshima City were selected. The Ota River plays an important role as a water source for Hiroshima City, and its water quality as a clear stream was evaluated.
Imadegawa Shimizu (Deai Shimizu)
As mentioned earlier, it was initially registered as “Deai Shimizu,” but the formal name is actually “Imadegawa Shimizu.” Located in Ishiijou 1-chome, Fuchu Town, it was cherished by local residents as the “Higashikawa Spring.”
The Hundred Select Waters from the Heisei Period (Selected in 2008)
In 2008 (Heisei 20), the Ministry of the Environment selected the “Hundred Select Waters of Heisei” as the second installment following the Showa Hundred Select Waters, evaluating water environments closely connected to people’s daily lives.
Katsura Falls (Kure City) was selected from Hiroshima Prefecture. Katsura Falls is located in mountains at approximately 500 meters elevation and is known as a waterfall with a drop of about 20 meters. The surrounding area is rich in nature and is popular as a hiking course.
List of Springs You Can Visit for Water Collection in Hiroshima Prefecture
There are many springs in Hiroshima Prefecture besides those selected as the Hundred Select Waters, and they are utilized by local residents and water enthusiasts. Here we introduce representative springs where you can actually collect water.
Hiroshima City and Aki District Areas
Imadegawa Shimizu (Fuchu Town)
A spring selected as one of the Hundred Select Waters. Located in Ishiijou 1-chome, Fuchu Town, with relatively good access. Designated as a scenic site in the region, allowing you to collect water while enjoying the landscape.
Imadegawa Yusuisui (Fuchu Town)
A spring located approximately 120 meters away from Imadegawa Shimizu. Utilized as a more familiar presence by local residents.
East Hiroshima City Area
Takayama Spring (Nino, Kawauchi Town)
Known as hard water emerging from the base of Takayama Mountain. Rich in minerals, with many people regularly collecting water to take home. You can visit it in combination with mountain climbing.
Mitsu Higashihama Spring (Akitsushio Town)
A spring adjacent to a Daishi Hall between the railway line and an old road in Higashihama. Water collection is free, located about 300 meters east on National Route 185 from JR Akitsushio Station, with good access.
Kure City Area
Katsura Falls
A spring selected as one of the Hundred Select Waters of Heisei. Though located in mountains requiring hiking equipment, you can collect high-quality water in a natural environment.
Other Regions
There are multiple representative springs confirmed in the Ministry of the Environment’s surveys throughout Hiroshima Prefecture. Each spring has its own characteristics and is deeply connected with regional history and culture.
When visiting, it is important to confirm in advance whether there are any access restrictions. In the Ministry of the Environment’s classification, accessibility is indicated by standards such as ☆ (viewable, approach possible, touchable), ◎ (viewable, approach possible), ○ (viewable only), and × (not possible).
Spring Water and Regional Culture|Water Use Rooted in Community Life
Conservation Activities by Local Residents
Springs in Hiroshima Prefecture, including Imadegawa Yusuisui, have long been conserved by local residents. Regular cleaning activities, water quality monitoring, and maintenance of surrounding environments are conducted, with the local community working together to protect the springs, a culture that has taken root.
In Fuchu Town, while protecting Imadegawa Shimizu as a designated cultural property of the town, it is also utilized as teaching material for local history education. Opportunities for children to learn about the importance of spring water are provided, ensuring its transmission to the next generation.
History as Domestic Water
Before modern water systems were developed, spring water was an important domestic water source for local residents. It was used for various purposes including drinking water, laundry, vegetable washing, and agricultural irrigation, with a long history of diverse applications.
Even today, people who prefer the taste of spring water different from tap water regularly visit to collect water. Among tea ceremony and cooking enthusiasts in particular, the soft taste of spring water and its appropriate mineral balance are highly valued.
Potential as a Tourism Resource
Imadegawa Shimizu, selected as one of the Hundred Select Waters, is attracting attention as a tourism resource. With excellent landscape around the water collection site, it has become a popular destination for many tourists.
Fuchu Town is advancing efforts to develop tourism routes centered on springs and to host events where water culture can be experienced, as part of regional revitalization initiatives. Spring water is not merely a water source but an important element that shapes regional identity.
Spring Water Quantity and Seasonal Variation|For Sustainable Use
Factors Affecting Water Quantity
The quantity of spring water changes greatly due to rainfall and groundwater level fluctuations. During the rainy season and typhoon season, water quantity tends to increase, while during summer droughts or winter dry spells, it tends to decrease.
Springs in the Fuchu Town area, including Imadegawa Yusuisui, are thought to emerge from rainfall infiltrating underground in the upper reaches of the Enoki River and flowing underground over several months to years. For this reason, both short-term rainfall and long-term climate patterns affect water quantity.
Groundwater Recharge and Environmental Conservation
Groundwater recharge (kannyou) is important for sustainable use of spring water. Recharge refers to rainfall or river water infiltrating underground and replenishing groundwater.
Increased paving area due to urbanization has become a factor hindering groundwater recharge. Rainwater fails to infiltrate underground but flows off as surface water, raising concerns about declining groundwater levels.
Fuchu Town is implementing initiatives to promote groundwater recharge, including the introduction of permeable pavement and installation of rainwater infiltration facilities.
Appropriate Considerations for Use Volume
Spring water is a public resource, and many people have the right to use it. However, when some users collect large quantities of water, situations occur where other users cannot collect water.
In surveys by the Ministry of the Environment, the following considerations are recommended for sustainable use of spring water.
- Do not collect large quantities of water at once (approximately 20 liters as a guideline)
- Refrain from collection for commercial purposes
- Pay special attention to restrained use during periods of low water quantity
- Respect local rules and customs
Access Information and Surrounding Environment
Access to Imadegawa Yusuisui and Imadegawa Shimizu
Location
Near Ishiijou 1-chome, Fuchu Town, Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture
Access by Public Transportation
Approximately 15 minutes on foot from “Tenginkawa Station” on the JR Sanyo Main Line, or approximately 10 minutes on foot from “Fuchu Town Hall” by Hiroshima Electric Bus.
Access by Car
Approximately 5 minutes from “Fuchu Exit” on the Hiroshima Expressway Line 1. Since parking is limited, use of public transportation is recommended.
Precautions When Visiting
- Be mindful of noise and illegal parking as the location is near residential areas
- Avoid visiting during early morning or night hours
- Take all garbage with you when leaving
- Do not enter private land in the surrounding area
Nearby Attractions
Fuchu Town has many historical sites of interest besides springs.
Fuchu Town History and Folk Museum
A facility where you can learn about the town’s history and culture. Exhibitions related to the history of spring water are also available.
Ishiijou Castle Ruins
Medieval mountain castle ruins that tell the history of Fuchu Town, an important historic site.
Enoki River Waterside Walking Path
Along the Enoki River, which is the water source of the springs, a natural walking path has been developed.
Types and Classification of Spring Water|Understanding the Diversity of Springs
Classification by Spring Water Form
Springs are classified into several types based on their discharge forms.
Point-Type Spring Water
Type in which water emerges from a concentrated location. Imadegawa Yusuisui and Imadegawa Shimizu fall into this type. Water quantity is relatively stable and easy to collect.
Linear-Type Spring Water
Type in which water emerges in a line along cliffs or slopes. Since small quantities of water emerge from a wide range, water quantity may be difficult to determine.
Plane-Type Spring Water
Type in which water emerges from a wide area such as wetlands or valley bottoms. It plays an important role in maintaining ecosystems.
Classification by Water Source
Shallow Groundwater Type
Groundwater that emerges from relatively shallow layers. It is easily affected by rainfall, with a tendency for large variations in water quality and quantity.
Deep Groundwater Type
Groundwater that emerges from deep layers. Water temperature is stable, and water quality shows little change throughout the year. In some cases, minerals are abundant.
Substream Water Type
Type in which substream water flowing underground in rivers emerges. While affected by river water quality, it is purified by filtration through rock layers.
Water Quality Testing and Safety|From a Scientific Perspective
Standards for Drinking Water
Water quality standards for drinking water in Japan are strictly defined based on the Water Supply Law. There are 51 items of water quality standards, with detailed standards set such as non-detection of large intestinal bacteria, pH 5.8 to 8.6, and hardness below 300 mg/L.
Spring water is different from tap water and is not under constant management. For this reason, it is important to confirm whether regular water quality testing is being conducted.
Water Quality Surveys by the Ministry of the Environment
The Ministry of the Environment conducts periodic water quality surveys of the Hundred Select Waters and representative springs. Survey items include the following.
- General bacteria
- Coliform bacteria
- pH value
- Turbidity
- Hardness
- Major mineral components
These survey results are disclosed on the Ministry of the Environment’s spring water conservation portal site, allowing users to verify water quality information.
Response to Large Intestinal Bacteria Detection
In surveys by the Ministry of the Environment, cases of large intestinal bacteria detection in some spring water have been reported. Detection of large intestinal bacteria indicates the mixing of animal feces or surface water, indicating a state unsuitable for drinking.
Even if large intestinal bacteria is detected, it can be safely consumed by boiling (at 100°C for 1 minute or more). However, if the water is heavily turbid or has an unusual smell, drinking should be avoided even after boiling.
Hiroshima Prefecture’s Water Environment Conservation Initiatives
Administrative Conservation Measures
Hiroshima Prefecture and each municipality implement various measures for water environment conservation, including springs.
Development of Water Quality Monitoring Systems
Regular water quality testing and disclosure of results ensure user safety.
Environmental Improvement of Spring Sites
Efforts to create user-friendly environments proceed, including installation of water collection facilities, cleaning of surrounding areas, and installation of signage.
Promotion of Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater recharge is promoted through promotion of rainwater infiltration facility installation and introduction of permeable pavement.
Citizen Participation-Type Conservation Activities
Citizen and volunteer activities are essential for spring water conservation. The following citizen participation-type activities are being conducted in Fuchu Town.
Regular Cleaning Activities
Local residents gather once a month to clean the area around the spring.
Water Quality Monitoring Volunteer
Citizen volunteers conduct simple water quality testing regularly and report any abnormalities to administrative authorities.
Environmental Education Programs
In cooperation with elementary and middle schools, environmental education using spring water as a subject is conducted. By having children actually experience water quality testing, interest in water environments is heightened.
Future Issues and Outlook
Impact of Climate Change
In recent years, concerns have been raised about changes in rainfall patterns and an increase in extreme weather phenomena due to climate change. These could have significant impacts on spring water quantity and quality.
To conserve springs from a long-term perspective, adaptation strategies to climate change must be considered. Strengthened conservation of groundwater recharge areas and usage restrictions during drought periods require flexible responses according to circumstances.
Coexistence of Urbanization and Water Environment
Continued urbanization is expected in the Hiroshima metropolitan area, including Fuchu Town. Balancing development with water environment conservation is an important issue.
In new development, design that secures rainwater infiltration function and layout planning that conserves existing springs are required as part of environmentally conscious urban development.
Transmission to the Next Generation
Transmitting spring water culture to the next generation is an important mission for the region. New approaches are needed, such as information dissemination using digital technology and appeals to younger generations through SNS.
On the other hand, the value of experiencing spring water firsthand by visiting it has not changed. It is important to increase opportunities to experience the value of spring water through experiential events and educational programs.
Conclusion|Imadegawa Yusuisui and Hiroshima’s Water Culture
Imadegawa Yusuisui, together with Imadegawa Shimizu, which was selected as one of the Hundred Select Waters, has been cherished by local residents as a valuable water resource in Fuchu Town, Hiroshima Prefecture. After going through the historical experience of name confusion lasting 27 years, the unique value possessed by each spring is now being rerecognized.
In Hiroshima Prefecture, in addition to water sources selected as the Hundred Select Waters, there are many springs closely connected to community life. These springs are important not only as water sources but also as symbols of regional history and culture, representing the bonds of community.
When using spring water, it is recommended to give consideration to water quality and safety and perform appropriate treatment such as boiling. Additionally, by following local rules and practicing restrained use, this valuable resource can be transmitted to future generations.
Imadegawa Yusuisui and other springs in Hiroshima Prefecture teach us the importance of water and the significance of protecting the natural environment, serving as invaluable treasures of the region. When visiting, it is important to understand their history and value and interact with them respectfully.
