Nakae Shimizu (Nagano Prefecture): The Full Picture of a Historic Spring Water Nourishing the Kawanakajima Plain
Nagano Prefecture is known as a “water country” blessed with a rich natural environment and numerous clear waters and springs. Among these, “Nakae Shimizu,” one of the three weirs that nourish the Kawanakajima Plain, has played an important role as a historic water source supporting regional agriculture and daily life. This article provides a detailed explanation of the history, characteristics, access methods, and relationships with other famous waters and hidden springs in Nagano Prefecture.
Nakae Shimizu: Historical Background of the Three Weirs of Kawanakajima Plain
To understand Nakae Shimizu, it is first necessary to know the historical background of the “three weirs” that nourish the Kawanakajima Plain.
Formation of the Three Weirs of Kawanakajima Plain
The three weirs (Upper Weir, Middle Weir, and Lower Weir) that draw water from a region called “Sai-guchi,” where the Sai River enters the Nagano Basin, and nourish the vast farmlands of the Kawanakajima Plain, are said to have been excavated by Yoshinari Hanai and his son, the castle magistrates of the Matsushiro Clan, in the early Edo period. This three-weir system was a major undertaking that brought together the finest civil engineering technology of the time and continues to function as the foundation of regional agriculture to the present day.
Role and Characteristics of the Middle Weir
The Middle Weir is located between the Upper and Lower Weirs and supplies water to farmlands in the central part of the Kawanakajima Plain. It boasts a abundant water supply and, through stable water provision, has greatly contributed to the development of regional agriculture, including rice cultivation. The water that springs out as clear water originates from the clear streams of the Sai River and has a long history of being used as drinking water and household water for local residents.
Water Quality and Characteristics of Nakae Shimizu
The appeal of Nakae Shimizu lies not only in its abundant water supply but also in its excellent water quality.
Water Quality Characteristics
The water of the Middle Weir, drawn from the Sai River system, originates from clear streams flowing from the mountains of Shinshu. It is characterized by moderate mineral content and a mellow taste. It has been enjoyed not only as agricultural water but also as drinking water and household water for local residents.
Seasonal Changes in Water Volume
The water volume of the Middle Weir fluctuates with the seasons. During the period when snowmelt water flows in spring, the water volume becomes particularly abundant, and during the busy summer agricultural season, it serves as an important water source nourishing the fields and paddies. It maintains a stable water volume from autumn through winter and functions as a year-round water source supporting the region.
Nagano Prefecture’s Famous Water and Hidden Spring Culture and Nakae Shimizu
Nagano Prefecture has numerous springs designated as “Shinshu’s Famous Waters and Hidden Springs,” and Nakae Shimizu plays a role in this water culture.
Representative Spring Groups in Nagano Prefecture
Nagano Prefecture has numerous water sources designated as the Ministry of the Environment’s “Hundred Select Famous Waters of the Heisei Era” as well as water sources certified by the prefecture as “Shinshu’s Famous Waters and Hidden Springs.”
Examples of Major Famous Waters and Hidden Springs:
- Ichiban Shimizu (Achi Village, Kiyouchi): Designated as one of Shinshu’s Famous Waters and Hidden Springs, it is so popular that on weekends, lines of people from inside and outside the prefecture form to draw water. The clear spring water nurtured by abundant nature has gushed forth since ancient times, quenching the thirst of travelers along the highway connecting Iida and Kiso.
- Ryūkōji Shimizu (Kijima Village): Located between Shiga Highlands and Nozawa Onsen, this clear water springs from groundwater nurtured by the Kaya Plateau, said to be the most beautiful in Japan.
- Matsumoto Castle Town Spring Water Group: Selected as one of the Hundred Select Famous Waters of the Heisei Era, with proactive and sustainable water environment conservation activities conducted by local residents.
- Azumino Wasabi Paddy Spring Water Group: Wasabi paddies using abundant spring water from the Northern Alps have become a signature landscape of Azumino.
Differences Between Nakae Shimizu and Other Springs
While general springs originate from groundwater or natural springs in mountainous areas, Nakae Shimizu is uniquely positioned as clear water obtained from an artificially excavated water channel system. This can be said to be a historical legacy of human wisdom and technology maximizing the benefits of natural blessings.
Access to Nakae Shimizu and Surrounding Information
Here is detailed access information and nearby attractions for visiting Nakae Shimizu.
Access Methods
By Car:
- Approximately 20 minutes from Nagano City center via National Route 18
- Approximately 15 minutes from “Nagano IC” on the Joshin-etsu Expressway
- It is recommended to use parking facilities of nearby public institutions
By Public Transportation:
- Bus from JR Nagano Station toward the Kawanakajima area
- Accessible on foot from the nearest bus stop
Precautions When Visiting
Since the Middle Weir currently plays an important role as agricultural water, please note the following when visiting:
- Refrain from entering water channels and farmlands
- Always take trash with you
- Be considerate so as not to interfere with residents’ daily lives
- Prioritize agricultural water use when drawing water
History of Kawanakajima Plain and Water Use
The three-weir system, including Nakae Shimizu, is deeply connected with the history of the Kawanakajima Plain.
The Battle of Kawanakajima and Water Use
The Kawanakajima Plain is famous as the site of the “Battle of Kawanakajima,” where Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin clashed five times during the Warring States period. The agricultural development of this region was fully launched through water control and irrigation projects that began in the Edo period.
Achievements of Yoshinari Hanai and His Son
Yoshinari Hanai and his son, castle magistrates of the Matsushiro Clan, accomplished the major undertaking of excavating the three weirs that draw water from Sai-guchi. This project, which was extremely difficult with the civil engineering technology of the time, was completed through the cooperation and devoted efforts of local people, transforming the Kawanakajima Plain into one of Shinshu’s most abundant grain-producing regions.
Role of the Three Weirs in Modern Times
In the present day, the three-weir system continues to function as core infrastructure supporting agriculture in the Kawanakajima Plain. In recent years, it has been reevaluated not merely as agricultural water but also as a water facility with historical and cultural value.
Water Environment Conservation Activities in Nagano Prefecture
Nagano Prefecture conducts various conservation activities to pass on its rich water environment to future generations.
Conservation Activities by Local Residents
The maintenance and management of the three weirs, including the Middle Weir, is carried out by water management associations and agricultural-related organizations in the region. Through regular cleaning activities and water channel repair work, the water management system continuing from the Edo period is preserved.
Shinshu’s Famous Waters and Hidden Springs Designation System
Nagano Prefecture designates numerous excellent water environments as “Shinshu’s Famous Waters and Hidden Springs,” including those with outstanding natural scenery, historical and cultural value, and those cherished and transmitted by local communities as their pride. Through this system, the conservation and utilization of precious water sources throughout the prefecture is promoted.
Tourist Attractions Around Nakae Shimizu
When visiting Nakae Shimizu, you can also enjoy nearby tourist attractions.
Kawanakajima Ancient Battlefield Historic Park
A historic park famous for the statue of single combat between Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin. You can learn about the history of the Battle of Kawanakajima.
Matsushiro Castle Ruins
Castle ruins associated with the Sanada family, where you can also enjoy a stroll through a castle town retaining Edo period characteristics.
Other Clear Waters and Springs in Nagano City
Numerous other clear waters and springs are scattered throughout the Nagano city area and surroundings. It is also recommended to take a water-touring journey visiting multiple water sources.
Nagano Prefecture’s Spring Water Culture: Types and Characteristics
Nagano Prefecture has diverse springs, each with unique characteristics.
Springs in Mountainous Areas
Clear waters such as Kamikochi Spring Stream and Amekazari Mountain Spring Water, which spring from high-altitude mountainous areas, are characterized by their source in snowmelt water and their cold, pure taste.
Springs in Plains Areas
Springs such as Azumino Wasabi Paddy Spring Water Group and Himekawa Source Spring Water, found in plains and basins, gush out abundant water from underground water veins and are used for agriculture and industry.
Historic Wells and Springs
Springs related to temples and shrines, such as Tokugenkeiji Temple Well “Enmeisui” and Kataha Hachiman Water, have been valued as objects of faith.
Spring Groups in Urban Areas
Spring groups such as Matsumoto Castle Town Spring Water Group, remaining in urban areas, are precious water sources transmitting regional history and culture, and conservation activities are being conducted.
Seasonal Charms of Nakae Shimizu
Nakae Shimizu displays different faces in each of the four seasons.
Spring: Season of Snowmelt Water
As spring arrives, snowmelt water from the Northern Alps and surrounding mountains flows into the Sai River, and the water volume of the Middle Weir becomes most abundant. The contrast between fresh greenery and clear flowing water is beautiful in this season.
Summer: Water of Life Supporting Agriculture
From rice planting through the rice growth period, the Middle Weir water plays a crucial role in nourishing the paddies of the Kawanakajima Plain. The landscape woven by lush green paddies and clear flowing water is representative of a Shinshu summer.
Autumn: Season of Harvest
In autumn, when rice ears glimmer golden, the Middle Weir water continues to support the farmland until harvest. Beneath clear autumn skies, the murmur of clear flowing water resonates pleasantly.
Winter: Quiet Water Scenery
In winter, water volume decreases, but in the crisp air, the flow of clear water continues unbroken. The contrast between snow scenery and clear flowing water creates a fantastical atmosphere.
Advice for Those Visiting to Draw Water
There are several points to note when visiting clear waters and springs in Nagano Prefecture to draw water.
Regarding Water Quality
Since Nakae Shimizu is used as agricultural water, if you intend to use it for drinking, it is recommended to check water quality test information in advance or boil the water before use. On the other hand, at springs like Ichiban Shimizu, which are premised on drinking water use, many people drink directly.
Tools to Bring
- Clean containers (poly tanks or plastic bottles)
- Ladle or dipper
- Towel
- Gloves (water is especially cold in winter)
Manners and Rules
- Do not forget consideration for other users
- Do not pollute the water source
- Avoid monopolizing for extended periods
- Follow local rules
- Use with a spirit of gratitude
Future of Nagano Prefecture’s Water Environment
Continuous conservation activities are essential to pass on Nagano Prefecture’s rich water environment to the future.
Effects of Climate Change
In recent years, changes have been observed in precipitation patterns and the timing of snowmelt due to climate change. Long-term observation and countermeasures are necessary to understand what impacts these changes will have on water management systems including the Middle Weir.
Sustainable Water Use
With modernization of agriculture and changes in demographics, water use patterns are also changing. While maintaining traditional water management systems, there is a need to develop sustainable water use frameworks that respond to modern needs.
Transmission to Future Generations
Transmitting the history and technology of the three weirs, which have continued since the Edo period, to future generations is an important issue for the region. Efforts to convey the importance of water and local history to younger generations through educational programs and experiential learning are being conducted throughout the area.
Conclusion: The Water Culture Transmitted by Nakae Shimizu
Nakae Shimizu is not merely an agricultural water channel but a precious presence conveying Nagano Prefecture’s rich water culture and regional history to the present. As part of the three-weir system excavated by Yoshinari Hanai and his son in the early Edo period, it has supported the agriculture and daily lives of the Kawanakajima Plain for over 400 years.
Nagano Prefecture has diverse clear waters and springs, from historic water sources like Nakae Shimizu to natural springs like Ichiban Shimizu. These water sources are deeply connected with their region’s natural environment, history, and culture, and their value is being recognized anew through designation as “Shinshu’s Famous Waters and Hidden Springs.”
Visiting Nakae Shimizu is not merely an opportunity to enjoy beautiful water scenery but also a chance to appreciate the wisdom and efforts of ancestors and the blessings of nature. The pure flowing water nourishing the paddies of the Kawanakajima Plain will continue to be carefully preserved and passed down as a regional treasure.
When visiting Nagano Prefecture, be sure to tour the prefecture’s famous waters and hidden springs, including Nakae Shimizu, and experience Shinshu’s rich water culture. By listening to the flow of clear water and feeling its history and culture, you will surely be reminded anew of the importance of water and the significance of environmental conservation.
